When the state spends money on roads and railways, we call it ‘investment’. When the state spends on nurseries, school meals, or health care, we call it social, educational, and health expenditure.
Piotr Arak, Łukasz Czernicki, Jakub Sawulski “EUROPP”, London School of Economics: Two key principles have sat at the heart of the EU’s fiscal rules since the Maastricht Treaty: that governments should run budget deficits no higher than 3% of GDP and maintain a public debt no higher than 60% of GDP.
Krzysztof Marczewski, Jakub Rybacki, Jakub Sawulski, “EU Observer”: Ireland is the only EU member state which avoided recession in 2020. A miracle? No – Ireland is European Union’s tax haven.